Post Lab Report Sample

Post Lab Report Paper This process aids in determining affinity. 3 The most polar compound is always the absorbent; however, the polarity of the compounds in the mixture in addition to the solvents found in the mixture differs in polarities. We use chromatography, or more specifically TTL, to determine the relative amounts of components in a mixture. Additionally TTL is utilized to determine the identity of two substances. When utilizing TTL, the ratio of distance traveled by the compound to the solvent is defined as RFC. 1 Column Chromatography, is used in this experiment to separate -carotene from a mixture. Column Chromatography is utilized for purification of both solids and liquids. Primarily, C is used to separate and isolate compounds. The similarities between TTL and C include the utilization of a chamber and IV light to identify the affinity of the compounds. The steps found during a TTL can also be found in a C. Differences include the extraction and purification procedure found in a C. Results Thin Layer Chromatography Compound I Distance (CM) I Acetaminophen 1 4. 71 Caffeine 1 1. 51 Aspirin 1 01 Ibuprofen 1 01 Solvent front | 6. 5 | Thin Layer Chromatography with unknown Unknown 1 1. 51 Thin Layer Chromatography comparison Residue | 0 | Isolated -carotene 1 01 Standard -carotene | 0 | Calculations RFC = Distance traveled by the compound / Distance traveled by solvent RFC Acetaminophen = 4. CM / 6. CM = 0. 7 RFC Caffeine = 1. CM / 6. CM = 0. 2 RFC Aspirin = Com / 6. CM RFC Ibuprofen = Com / 6. CM RFC Unknown = 1. CM / 6. CM Discussion The experimental results indicate that the identity of the unknown tablet was determined by measuring and comparing the distance traveled by the known standards to the unknown standard. The RFC value of Caffeine was 0. ND of the unknown was also 0. 2 as shown by the calculations above, this proves that the unknown substance was Caffeine, given that the unknown substance traveled 1. CM and was equal to the distance traveled by Caffeine, showing that they were the same. Acetaminophen had a Revalue of 0. 7 with Aspirin having a RFC value of O and Ibuprofen also having a RFC value of 0. This shows that the unknown tablet was Caffeine. Yes, the column chromatography experiment was successful as the residue, isolated and standard -carotene did not move from the baseline so all he three dots did not move. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Post Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This shows that they must be similar, we could have used a better solvent than hexane to show reliable results. Conclusion The TTL successfully exhibited the different affinities of the analgesics. The RFC values were successfully obtained and due to the different affinities, the unknown standard was identified. However, the identity of the unknown standard was not easily attainable, there were complications with the experiment. The complications that could have hindered the results, include human error in measuring and observing. Also, the tools used in this experiment may not have been sterile and the stock solutions may not have been pure solutions. For the column chromatography experiment, the isolated -carotene obtained was isolated from the solution, again human error in measuring and observing could have hindered these results. For isolating -carotene, the solvent used was hexane but that did not move the components so a better solvent could have been used to show more reliable results and to make the components move from the baseline.

The Controversy Over Columbus Day Celebrations

The Controversy Over Columbus Day Celebrations Only two federal holidays bear the names of specific men- Martin Luther King Jr. Day and Columbus Day. While the former passes each year with relatively little controversy, opposition to Columbus Day (observed on the second Monday of October)  has intensified in recent decades. Native American groups argue that the Italian explorer’s arrival in the New World ushered in genocide against indigenous peoples as well as the transatlantic slave trade. Thus Columbus Day, much like Thanksgiving, highlights Western imperialism and the conquest of people of color.   The circumstances surrounding Christopher Columbus’ foray into the Americas have led to an end to Columbus Day observances in some areas of the U.S. In such regions, the contributions Native Americans have made to the county are recognized instead. But these places are exceptions and not the rule. Columbus Day remains a mainstay in nearly all U.S. cities and states. To change this, activists opposed to these celebrations have launched a multi-pronged argument to demonstrate why Columbus Day should be eradicated. Origins of Columbus Day Christopher Columbus may have first left his mark on the Americas in the 15th century, but the United States didn’t establish a federal holiday in his honor until 1937. Commissioned by Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to explore Asia, Columbus instead sailed to the New World in 1492. He first disembarked in the Bahamas, later making his way to Cuba and the island of Hispanola, now the home of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Believing that he had located China and Japan, Columbus founded the first Spanish colony in the Americas with the help of nearly 40 crewmembers. The following spring, he traveled back to Spain where he presented Ferdinand and Isabella with spices, minerals and indigenous peoples he’d captured. It would take three trips back to the New World for Columbus to determine that he hadn’t located Asia but a continent altogether unfamiliar to the Spanish. By the time he died in 1506, Columbus had crisscrossed the Atlantic numerous times. Clearly, Columbus left his mark on the New World, but should he be given credit for discovering it? Columbus Didn’t Discover America Generations of Americans grew up learning that Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. But Columbus wasn’t the first European to land in the Americas. Back in the 10th century, the Vikings explored Newfoundland, Canada. DNA evidence has also found that Polynesians settled in South America before Columbus traveled to the New World. There’s also the fact that when Columbus arrived in the Americas in 1492, more than 100 million people inhabited the New World. G. Rebecca Dobbs wrote in her essay â€Å"Why We Should Abolish Columbus Day† that to suggest that Columbus discovered America is to suggest that those who inhabited the Americas are nonentities. Dobbs argues: â€Å"How can anyone discover a place which tens of millions already know about? To assert that this can be done is to say that those inhabitants are not human. And in fact, this is exactly the attitude many Europeans†¦displayed toward indigenous Americans. We know, of course, that this is not true, but to perpetuate the idea of a Columbian discovery is to continue to assign a non-human status to those 145 million people and their descendants.† Not only didn’t Columbus discover the Americas, but he also didn’t popularize the idea that the earth was round. The educated Europeans of Columbus’ day widely acknowledged that the earth was not flat, contrary to reports. Given that Columbus neither discovered the New World nor dispelled the flat earth myth, opponents to the Columbus observance question why the federal government has set aside a day in the explorer’s honor. Columbus’ Impact on Indigenous Peoples The main reason Columbus Day draws opposition is because of how the explorer’s arrival to the New World affected indigenous peoples. European settlers not only introduced new diseases to the Americas that wiped out scores of Native peoples but also warfare, colonization, slavery, and torture. In light of this, the American Indian Movement (AIM) has called on the federal government to stop observances of Columbus Day. AIM likened Columbus Day celebrations in the U.S. to the German people establishing a holiday to celebrate Adolf Hitler with parades and festivals in Jewish communities. According to AIM: â€Å"Columbus was the beginning of the American holocaust, ethnic cleansing characterized by murder, torture, raping, pillaging, robbery, slavery, kidnapping, and forced removals of Indian people from their homelands. †¦We say that to celebrate the legacy of this murderer is an affront to all Indian peoples, and others who truly understand this history.† Alternatives to Columbus Day Since 1990 the state of South Dakota has celebrated Native American Day in lieu of Columbus Day to honor its residents of indigenous heritage. South Dakota has a Native population of 8.8 percent, according to 2010 census figures. In Hawaii, Discoverers’ Day is celebrated rather than Columbus Day. Discoverers’ Day pays homage to the Polynesian explorers who sailed to the New World. The city of Berkeley, Calif, also doesn’t celebrate Columbus Day, instead recognizing Indigenous Peoples Day since 1992. More recently, cities such as Seattle, Albuquerque, Minneapolis, Santa Fe, N.M., Portland, Ore., and Olympia, Wash., have all established Indigenous Peoples Day celebrations in place of Columbus Day.

Write two pages for discussion forum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write two pages for discussion forum - Article Example As a result, leadership in nursing also requires a separate set of leadership traits and qualities which must include all those skills and basic activities which take into account the issues relating to the field of nursing. This discussion has been carried out for many decades. Gentry et al., (2012) have contended that if people are born leaders, in that case, it will be very challenging to prove the validity of such claims because there are numerous styles of leadership and each has its own distinctive features or traits. Based on assertion, it can be deduced that leadership can be developed by closely working on those areas of human activity which are normally carried out by leaders. For example, American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2013) has clearly highlighted a set of characteristics highly essential for clinical nurse leaders and they include: determining patient-care delivery and practices and this encompasses collaboration and caring for the patients and critical evaluation of expected outcomes relating to patients; searching out the gaps between expected and actual results and taking essential measures for diminishing the effects of gaps in patient care practices; risk analysis relatin g to patients and their medical and psychological condition; managing and ensuring team leadership along with intra-department and inter-department cooperation ; determining and developing evidence-based practices; using information technology and systems for improving the performance of clinical facilities. In other words, clinical leadership can be developed with a comprehensive clinical education framework. For instance, Curtis et al., (2011) explain that nursing leadership courses should be commenced at the undergraduate level in which nursing leadership, leaders in nursing both theoretical and practical approaches, frameworks and parameters must be taught to the new students entering in the field of